What contribution did Adam Smith and John M Keynes Essay Example For Students

What contribution did Adam Smith and John M Keynes Essay make to the study of economicsTopic: What contribution did Adam Smith and John M. Keynes make to the study of economics?Adam Smith was the founder of economics, as we know it today. His thoughts have shaped modern ideas about the market economy and the role of the state in relation to it. Smith laid the intellectual framework that explained the free market (which still holds true today) and laissez-faire. Both are connected with the underlying theme of economic growth. Smiths analysis is not confined to showing the interrelation between the different elements of a continually maintained system. It also explains how the system can generate the continual accumulation of wealth. And since, according to Smith, this process is most successful when left to the play of natural forces, his analysis leads him to urge governments to let well alone. We will write a custom essay on What contribution did Adam Smith and John M Keynes specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Laissez-faire government believes commerce and trade should be permitted to operate free of controls of any kind; there should be no tariffs or other barriers. The direct translation from the French language is â€Å"leave alone to do†, which is self-explanatory. He is most often recognized for the expression the invisible hand, which he used to demonstrate how self-interest guides the most efficient use of resources in a nations economy, with public welfare coming as a by-product. It simply encourages businesses to provide what consumers want and at the same time it discourages government involvement. He believed that the only responsibilities of the government should be to define property rights, set up honest courts, impose minor taxes and subsides to compensate for well defined and narrowly specified â€Å"market failures†. To underscore his laissez-faire convictions, Smith argued that state and personal efforts, to promote social good are ineffectual compared to unbridled market forces. Adam Smith explained that a monopoly charges any price that it chooses, robs consumers and makes countries less efficient and poorer. Competition, he said, means that businesses try to charge the lowest price possible, so consumers get maximum value for money. If they can buy more, they support more jobs in the economy and the country grows richer. Without the police stopping competition, he said, monopolies cannot survive for long. Around the world today, government monopolies and other bad practices are under major assault from Adam Smiths ideas. Adam Smith believed that strong government was a great necessity, particularly to create and enforce laws and to ensure justice. He believed in a democratic partnership between government and the people, but knew that each should do what it does best businessmen should not control the justice system, nor should government try to run businesses. Thus he was the real father of privatisation and other 20th century reforms based on market economics under rule of law. And what drives this flow of goods and services: I quote Adam Smith from his The Wealth of Nations: Every individual is continually exerting himself to find out the most advantageous employment for whatever capital he can command. It is his own advantage, indeed, and not that of the society, which he has in view. But the study of his own advantage naturally, or rather necessarily, leads him to prefer that employment which is most advantageous to the society. He generally, indeed, neither intends to promote the public interest, nor knows how much he is promoting it. By preferring the support of domestic to that of foreign industry, he intends only his own security; and by directing that industry in such a manner as its produce may be of the greatest value, he intends only his own gain, and he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to promote an end which was no part of his intention. .u87e52a957e55ea00e47e50349a8a52a0 , .u87e52a957e55ea00e47e50349a8a52a0 .postImageUrl , .u87e52a957e55ea00e47e50349a8a52a0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u87e52a957e55ea00e47e50349a8a52a0 , .u87e52a957e55ea00e47e50349a8a52a0:hover , .u87e52a957e55ea00e47e50349a8a52a0:visited , .u87e52a957e55ea00e47e50349a8a52a0:active { border:0!important; } .u87e52a957e55ea00e47e50349a8a52a0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u87e52a957e55ea00e47e50349a8a52a0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u87e52a957e55ea00e47e50349a8a52a0:active , .u87e52a957e55ea00e47e50349a8a52a0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u87e52a957e55ea00e47e50349a8a52a0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u87e52a957e55ea00e47e50349a8a52a0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u87e52a957e55ea00e47e50349a8a52a0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u87e52a957e55ea00e47e50349a8a52a0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u87e52a957e55ea00e47e50349a8a52a0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u87e52a957e55ea00e47e50349a8a52a0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u87e52a957e55ea00e47e50349a8a52a0 .u87e52a957e55ea00e47e50349a8a52a0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u87e52a957e55ea00e47e50349a8a52a0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: On vacation this summer I glanced out the window a EssayIn civilized society he man stands at all times in need of the cooperation and assistance of great multitudes, while his whole life is scarce sufficient to gain the friendship of a few persons. In almost every other race of animals each individual, when it is grown up to maturity, is entirely independent, and in its natural state has occasion for the assistance of no other living creature. But man has almost constant occasion for the help of his brethren,

It is widely advocated that anyone entering Essay Example

It is widely advocated that anyone entering Essay Example It is widely advocated that anyone entering Essay It is widely advocated that anyone entering Essay It is widely advocated that anyone come ining into either the field of reding or psychotherapeutics should hold taken stairss to face and cover with all yesteryear, personal troubles and arrange for adequate and ongoing supervising to guarantee their proficiency. Write at least 700 words on whether you agree or disagree with this statement, back uping your statement where appropriate. ___________________________________________________________________ Many observers have stressed that an openness of attitude and willingness for self-reflection are indispensable qualities for possible healers. It is argued that those draw a bead oning to work in the field of reding and psychotherapeutics should hold begun to turn to some of their yesteryear, personal troubles, instead than hold confronted all of them, and that this is basically an on-going procedure. This procedure seems peculiarly of import since practicians are doing usage of themselves, as people, as their chief tool in assisting others to work through their troubles. Receiving regular, on-going and good quality supervising seems besides to be indispensable, peculiarly from an ethical point of position, in order to supply an effectual curative service. It has long been recognised that the personal properties of rehearsing counselors and clinical psychologists have an of import bearing upon curative work with clients ( Rogers, 1961, McLeod, 1998 ) . Gibson and Mitchell ( 1999 ) , for illustration, have suggested that the personhood’ of the healer is the most of import component in reding. Barrett and co-workers point out that if counselors acknowledge their ain human fallibility and exposure, it is likely they will experience more heartily toward those who are besides less virtuous ( 2003, p.203 ) . It seems of import, hence, for clients to be cognizant that counselors are besides human’ and, like themselves, can see confusion, ambivalency, failure and defeat. However, there is besides much potency for injury if counselors and clinical psychologists lack the personal unity and competency which may take them to work the exposure of clients. Rogers ( 1961 ) developed a model of conditions, including unconditioned positive respect, empathy and congruity, which he saw as basic to the curative relationship. It has besides been noted that these curative values will be of small usage if practicians do non work vigorously and consistently on self-evaluation and the declaration of their ain problems ( Cross and Papodopoulos, 2001, p. 68 ) . Similarly, Gibson and Mitchell ( 1999 ) suggest that counsellors can non assist clients when they themselves are plagued by psychological or emotional distress ( p.72 ) . It seems that on come ining this field of work, a trainee healer must hold at least begun to organize a echt relationship with him/herself which means being honest and dignified. As Schapira explains, before get downing to work therapeutically with person, practitioners need to hold gone rather some manner along their ain personal journey of self-understanding to hold reached the topographic point where they are compassiona te and empathetic about their ain life tests, and have learned some of import things from them ( 2000, p.87 ) . It is of import, besides, to recognize that practicians, along with everyone else, will go on to larn, and confront yesteryear troubles, as each new life phase is reached and presents them with new challenges. Schapira ( 2000 ) points out that since healers need to be able to sympathize with a broad scope of people, they have to endeavor to work through many of their ain unsolved psychological issues in their therapies during preparation. She besides pointed out that unsolved issues can still emerge for the practician when working with a peculiar individual. She states that therapy is basically a journey of find and the single demands to hold the support of person who has been on, at least, a good portion of the journey herself ( Schapira, 2000, p.25 ) . Therapists, it seems, necessitate good, supportive and regular supervising from an experient supervisor as an built-in portion of their work. Schapira ( 2000 ) , for illustration, describes the relationship between supervisor and healer as one characterised by a signifier of audience with another individual who monitors the curative procedure, attends to the care of ethical criterions, boundaries, practician effectivity and on-going instruction on the practitioner ( Schapira, 2000, p.30 ) . Regular supervisory Sessionss, go oning throughout the practitioner’s working life with clients, proctor competency and facilitate geographic expedition and apprehension of issues originating from the procedure of therapy ( Schapira, 2000 ) . Personal issues may come up during supervising through, for illustration, a repeat of issues from the clinical work that the practician finds hard. As Schapira notes, the client’s feelings or troubles may vibrate with unsolved personal issues for the supervisee ( 2000, p.31 ) . The overseer’ , may assist to place them with the supervisee’ and flag up the demand to raise them in personal therapy or there may be a demand for strong feelings, evoked from work with a client, to be vented during the session. As summarised by Schapira, supervision is a working relationship with the end of doing sense and significance of client’s stuff and procedure, and the supervisee’s responses to it ( 2000, p.32 ) . In decision, so, it is argued that those come ining the field of reding or psychotherapeutics should hold begun to research their ain yesteryear troubles, sorrows and pleasances and be unfastened to further and continued self-evaluation throughout their working curative life. The agreement of regular, good quality and on-going supervising is an indispensable constituent of curative work, both during preparation and beyond. Clients conveying a broad scope of problems and concerns to the guidance room and enter into a collaborative relationship with the healer. As Schapira observes, the on-going undertaking of exploring and working through these hard emotional affects is the procedure that helps us sympathize with another who is seeking to make the same thing for themselves ( 2000, p.73 ) . ______________________________________________________________________________ Mentions Barrett, S, Komaromy, C, Robb, M, Rogers, A ( 2003 )Communication, Relationships and Care: A Reader,Routledge, London Cross, M, Papodopoulos, L, ( 2001 )Becoming a Counselor: A Manual for Personal and Professional Development,Brunner-Routledge, London Gibson, R.L. , Mitchell, M.H ( 1999 )Introduction to Counselling and Guidance,Prentice Hall, London McLeod, J ( 1998 )An Introduction to Counselling Psychology,Open University Press, Milton Keynes Rogers, C ( 1961 )On Becoming a Person,Houghton Mifflin Publications, Boston, Mass. Schapira, S ( 2000 )Choosing a Guidance or Psychotherapy Training: A Practical Guide,Routledge, London ______________________________________________________________________________ Entire words: 1008

CJUS 410 DB4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CJUS 410 DB4 - Essay Example In addition, a single witness can incriminate the accused due to ill intensions or presentation of wrong information unknowingly. My view of witness cross examination is also affirmed by scriptures quoted from Proverbs 18:17 and Deuteronomy 13:16–19. Both scriptures encourage cross examination of witnesses in order to establish whether the information given is true or false which is my view of criminal procedure operation. Further, the scriptures quoted from Exodus 22:12-13 and Deuteronomy 22:13–18 confirm my view of using physical evidence in order to deliver fair judgment. The current criminal procedure addresses the issue of witnesses, cross examination of witnesses and provision of physical evidences in an acceptable manner. Firstly, the current criminal procedure uses federal rules that incorporate the rights for each party that participates in criminal trials. More importantly, the rights included demonstrate the bible teachings within the law. For example, the current system enables criminal defends to receive a fair trial (The Legal Information Institute n.d). Secondly, the current criminal procedure permits a substantive due process. This is where the law enforcement officers as well as judges and prosecutors are constrained by the constitution so that fundamental rights and liberties for people involved in a criminal procedure are adhered to (The Legal Information Institute n.d). Therefore, law enforces cannot take advantage of their position to intimidate the accused. Of more importance, the current criminal procedure provides for cross examination of prosecution witnesses. This facilitates the procedure of determining whether the information presented is factual or false. In addition, the current criminal procedure permits the accused to seek the assistance of a counsel (National Legal Aid & Defender Association 1). This enables the

Nursing theory reviewed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nursing theory reviewed - Essay Example Nursing involves four perspectives in which the professionals address the whole nursing problems by subdividing the concepts into: The person/patient- they analyze the physiological structure and functioning of the body, psychological perspective to deal with mental processes and emotions. In addition, they analyze developmental processes within the lifespan and actively look into social-cultural and spiritual side of their patient. The health perspective in nursing tends to define health as a condition in which all body parts are in harmony with the client, here the client being the patient. This harmony is usually based on the body needs and how much it receives from the system in that for optimality the energy provided by the system should always be more than what the body can actually use. Nursing also seeks to evaluate environment aspect through analysis of external and internal factors that surround a patient and the rate at which they interact in any given time. Also nursing i nvolves consistency, should use direct but simple approach, governed by nursing education and practice so as to address the areas of primary, secondary and tertiary interventions Training and professionalism go hand in hand in that continuing one’s education and/or study while working is an essential criterion for a long term success through competence development in furthering their careers. With a series of requirements in the nursing sector, knowledge development is of paramount importance as to the scope of their activities. For instance knowledge development from antiquity to nightingale, from nightingale to science and from knowing patterns to contexts of knowledge development, calls for intensive study and further training. Ethical knowledge development calls for nursing ethics, code of conduct and morality and an over view of ethical perspectives. Nursing as a field with wide application and scope entails conceptualization and structuring of

Mohammed Ali Clay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mohammed Ali Clay - Essay Example He was raised in a middle class black household in the poorer district of the city. When he was 12, his new bicycle was stolen. When he went to the local police station to complain, the local policeman, Joe Martin, suggested to him to learn boxing. Young Cassius started training under Martin .who was also a boxing coach, in Louisville's Columbia Gym. Although Martin gave him the idea and inspiration to become a boxer, it was the black trainer, Fred Stone, who taught Clay the finer intricacies of the science of boxing. Boxing as a sport was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, "Boxing is a sport contested at the amateur and professional levels , which involves attack and defense with the fist. (Encyclopedia p. 177) Boxing had become a popular sport in the U.S, with the Irish immigrants, and later, the African Americans from early twentieth century. There were amateur and professional contests. Boxing was also a part of the Olympic Games. According to the Encyclopedia, "Boxing first appeared as a formal Olympic event in the twenty third Olympiad in 688 B.C."(Encyclopedia 178) In the 1960 Olympiad, eighteen year old Cassius Clay won the gold medal, which brought him fame. But he knew the big money was in professional boxing. "Ali signed the most lucrative contract- a 50-50 split -negotiated by a beginning professional in the history of boxing, with a 12 member group of millionaires called the Louisville Sponsoring Group."(Gale Cengage Learning) He has a great media personality- his boasts and sayings created public interest in him. Unlike the other heavyweight boxers, who were usually quiet and retiring, he was fond of publicity. His wit also helped to make him well known. He is reported to have told Gilbert Rogin of Sports Illustrated, "Boxing is dying because everybody is so quiet..What boxing needs is..more Clays" (Gale) In February 1954, he boasted to the readers of the same magazine, "Cassius Clay is a boxer who can throw the jive better than anybody." More money started to pour into the sport of boxing because of Ali's flamboyant personality and his witty boasts. In 1964, Ali fought Sonny Liston for the World Heavyweight Championship. Ali was only 22 at the time. Liston was a powerful fighter, but Muhammad Ali had science to his aid. Ali's war cry had been, "float like a butterfly, sting like a bee", which he did in the match in Miami. By using intelligence and science, young Ali won the championship. "He beat Liston in a display of beautiful, controlled boxing." (Gale) Although Liston was very powerful, he went down to Ali, who used his skills with good planning and great courage and confidence. An interesting anecdote about Liston is popular. According to Hauser, "Liston picks up the dice and throws craps and there is a big silence. Then a voice comes, "Look at that big ugly bear, he can't even shoot."(Hauser p. 50) Clay had made his announcement to everyone present. Confidence was the hallmark of Ali. Boxers without confidence are doomed. David Remnick writes about the fight on September 25, 1962. "On the morning of the fight, the heavyweight champion of the world packed a loser's suitcase. Floyd Patterson, for all his hand speed, for all the hours he put in the gym, was the most doubt-addled titleholder in the history of the division."(Remnick 1) But Ali was never doubt riddled, he was

Conditions that have led to global market development

Conditions that have led to global market development The development of international or global market itself is an interesting historical sketch that details all the relevant aspect of the developmental phase that have been going on since capitalism and the concepts of it took centre stage in redefining the way people do business across international borders and the course of industrialization that shaped and changed the facial outlook of global economic process. Though industrialization at its nascent stage originated in Europe, however; the latent force of commercialization or to say global commerce and international business stem from US in particular post world wars era. What is particular to the development of international market in the early part of 1990s or to say in the 20th century can be laid emphasis to the notion of growing influence of USA and its democratic capitalism. And the process of industrialization in the face of growing trade, commerce, also marked a way towards internationalization or the development of global market, which economist have often termed as globalization and its phenomena. In all fronts, there is no denying the facts that USA has been a major influence to the development of international market. One pertinent fact is the changing face of US business environment notable in the early part of 1990s. Add to it, the staggering $16.3 trillion in investment in the US alone speaks volume about the normative forms that conditioned the origination and development of international market. Moreover, post world war era, people affluence grew, so does the demands for goods and services, which are increasingly difficult for domestic market to sustain or to meet the demands. In that sense, international commerce and cross-border trade became the norms. Apart from that apparent fact that account to USA influence and growing dominance in the expansion of international market, the origination of World Trade Organization (WTO) in that period, that is to say during the nineties also have been prominent to mark the development of global market. In addition, the trend that is also catching up during the early part of the nineties especially business trends can be looked to the pertinent case of free trade agreements that opened up a way for cross-national trade and business. Specific to these types of condition, acceptance of free market system among developing countries added to the steam of international market and its conditioning. Explain the four risk of International Business? Business as we know is bounded by risks, given the nature of international business environment itself. One peculiar face of business risks is the uncertainty factor, and when it comes to international business it is rather looked upon as the primary risks elements in general. Apart from uncertainty, there are other things as well that seems risky. And the more prevalent risks elements to international or the primary factor of it can be laid emphasis to the following: Political Technological risks Economic risks Socio-cultural risks Political risks: There is no denying the fact that international business in any circumstance is bounded by political risks. Political risks can be understood as the factor that makes up the political features of a country. Thus, political climate at times have a greater force to play a part in international business. Take for instance, political uncertainty itself. That means when political climate is rather stable, international business also take the same course. However, most of the times political stability is rather an exaggerated term; given that there can be no sure shot method to predict nations political makeup, or to say the nature of its stability that hangs in the edge. As a matter of fact, with lesser political stability, the impact it have on business is also paramount, which in due course can change the direction and strategic makeup of business. Thus, political risks are one primary factor of international business. Technological risks: As we are aware, technology and the marvel of it have brought along a bundle of benefits, which have took the societal developmental phase one notch above the ground. Add to it, technology and its advancement is also ever increasing, which means each day and in the cycle of economic process, technological domination and its impact in international business is felt with greater force. International business are thus faced with the abject notion that less of technological awareness or outdated technological application in international business can hamper the way things work or are predicted. Thus, the risky elements can be looked to depreciating cost factor that technology posed or the security to international business. Economic Risks: What define economic risks are the financial elements that may its way to it. In simple sense, it can be broadened to the changing face of international business itself, which also defines the investment factors or nations inability to meet its own financial obligations. With the idea of international business and increasing trade barrier or free market trade can have a dominant role to play its part in international business cycle and thus, it comes as a risk. Socio-cultural risks: Civilization is always in a stage of development, and one factor that socio-cultural forms take its course can be laid emphasis to the notion that no particular nation and its culture are dormant. That is to say, cultural difference is wide spread, and when that element is accounted to international business, the marketing process also is posed with the uncertainty factors. Thus, organizational operational and strategic process is also challenged in such environment. Thus, marketer needs to be way ahead in understanding culture and society itself, which we can bracketed as socio-cultural risks. Why do firm Internationalize? The simple facts remains that firm internationalize for many reasons or the other; be it, profit motive, the expansion to new horizon, exploring and tapping new markets or for reasons less known, that is to say for competitive advantage or labor mobilization and last but not the least, the cost factors. Moreover, by going international, firm can also take centre stage to reaps the benefits of global exposure, and the opportunity cost that can be reaped from international business is also rather more in a sense that diversity is also exemplified, plus the means that internationalization provides towards new markets beyond national boundaries is also whats excites and interest organizations in going international. Add to it, supply chain and its management is also more broadened when firm indulge themselves in international business. Thus, the above mentioned facts in brief list some of the factors and the notion as to why firm internationalize. What are the different participants in International Business? Write in detail about the MNEs, Small and Medium Sized Enterprise, the Born Global firm. International business and its arena is a bundle of flourishing economic activities and the cycle of its repeats day in and day out. The simple facts are that without corporations and business houses, plus participants, economic activities are rather on the back foot or to say, it makes no sense at all. It is common knowledge that global economic process today defines the notion as to what constitutes participants in international business. Thus, the different participants are the following: Focal Firm Distribution channel intermediaries Facilitators. Agents or contractors, etc. Thus, these participants in international business forms the cycle of economic activities carried out in the background of each one participants dependent upon one another in international business scenario. Multinational Enterprise: Multinational Enterprise defines organizations that have set shop in more than one particular market, where its business expose is international, with a global aspirations and goals. Add to it, Multinational Enterprise also details the object of its ownership, which means that that part of the ownership is either owned by parties or more than single ownership take course. Moreover, Multinational Enterprise also posits special characteristics that mirror forms of nationality mix among its staff and managers. Hence, very often Multinational Enterprise is also known as MNC (Multinational companies). The best example can be looked to subsidiaries firms or American firms with their bases in foreign nations where operations and organizational control are decentralized, and the marketing strategy also is rather different from parent company or the likes. Small and Medium Enterprise: As the term denotes to, small and medium enterprise are organization with a business object and turn over that is rather small. And most importantly, employee counts are also small in numbers and counts, let say 20-30 employees for the starts. Add to it, company assets are also small in comparison to global firms or MNEs. But that does not mean that such organization cannot go global, given that globalization and notion of free trade provides a formidable leverage for small and medium sized enterprise to go global and can be looked upon as a competitor. Born Global Firm: Born global forms and its concepts is a rather mostly used term in the contemporary adage to mean the process of internationalization and its influence that is taking shape in local or national organizations with a potentialities to go international in due course. Such organization can be looked upon as startups, with lesser assets and turn over. Why do firms internationalize? The simple notion why firms internationalize can be laid emphasis to the globalization and its influences. The channelizing networked partnership possibilities, the opportunities in such a scenario, or to position themselves and influence partners or subsidiary firm who are either based in foreign shores also constitutes some of the sole components why firms internationalize. The idea of comparative management is also one main reason. Chapter 2 What are the Societal Consequences of Market Globalization? Explain Positive and Negative Consequences? As we can observe in and around the materialistic world that we live in today, commercialization and international business at times have provided a bundle of baggage or paved a way towards progression and development in economic sense of the term. However, consequences also can be translated and laid emphasis to the good the bad and ugly features that market globalization have brought along. Nonetheless, the economic reality and humans wants also should be acknowledged, and the fact that no nation is self reliant and self sufficient. Moreover, in order to meet the ever increasing demands for goods and services, global corporation fits the bill accordingly in facilitating the societal needs in one aspect and form of life in the societal sphere. Hence, the notable face of the negative societal consequences from a comparative and contemporary context can be laid emphasis to the following: Environmental or Ecological consequences. Depreciating and depleting natural resources reserve. The question of sustainability Climatic effects that have worsened. The positive effects of market globalization are: Avenue for employment generation Facilitates economic cycle Technological advancement Good and services are made available Cultural growth Socio-political growth, etc. Thus, it can be argued that the societal consequences or the effect of market globalization translate itself to have redefined the way people do business in simple sense of the term, which can be look as a positive aspects. Economic demands in the regional and global economy taken together are ever increasing, and market of globalization facilitates in meeting these demands. In that effect, more of the resources are utilized. However, natural resources and the likes also deplete with increasing use, plus scarcity of resources, which is a known fact add up to the compounding negative societal consequences that is generated out of market globalization, which is pointed above. What are the firm levels Consequences of Market Globalization? We cant deny the facts that firms benefits tremendously from market globalization and its effect. Thus, the phenomenon of market globalization has added an object that can never be thought of or imagined without market globalization in the course of civilization. Thus, the positive features can be addressed to the following points: Marketing process is impacted Business process and its management also exudes international outlook Diversity of business process Cultural mix and global awareness Production tactics and its cycle also is impacted Standardization, quality or products and services. Brand image. And finally, market globalization means a widow of free trade barrier for companies across international borders. However, when it matter to negative aspects of globalization and its impact on firms the following are some of the pertinent facts: Competition is also greater among firms due to market globalization and its consequences. Barrier to entry and exit in a particular market or industry also posits one of the negative consequences of market globalization. Resource utilization also often goes above the shelf Thus, when it matter to firms and the level of consequence that stem from market globalization also translate itself into the negative and positive features as detailed above. Chapter 3 Explain the three types of participants in International Business? The three types of participants in international business constitute the following: Focal Firm Distribution Intermediaries Facilitators Focal Firm: What defines focal firm as one participants is the fact that, focal firm itself is looked upon as an initiator to international business in real sense of the term. It means that focal firms constitute Multination Enterprise, Small and Medium Enterprise, where the actual economic and production process take shapes. Thus focal firms are looked upon as the centre and stage of international business and its cycle at the primary level. Distribution Channel: Distribution channel intermediaries and their roles are consumed in facilitating the distribution cycle common to international trade and businesses. In simple sense and meaning of term, distribution channel intermediaries defines organization that specializes in the distribution channel, that is to say, logistic support, marketing etc, which are the sole constituent of distribution channel intermediaries. Facilitators: Third is the facilitators, and includes firms and individuals, where the object of their roles and functions as participants in international business is broadened and exemplified to facilitating legal advice, financing and in between the interrelated business transaction is made possible. Furthermore, participants also can includes, licensor, joint venture partners and the likes of foreign distributors, foreign agents and all in between. What are the common characteristics of Born Global firm? The common characteristics of Born Global firm can be laid emphasis to the following: Bounded by national boundaries with a scope for internationalization Expertise services and products in regional market Start-up corporation or small and medium sized organization Though market is defined in fixed national boundaries and operations is also often constituted and headquartered in one particular location, however; that does not means that their role in globalization and its economic process is limited in a sense. The idea of born global firm and in characteristic in particular can be laid emphasis to the object that internationalization and its impact is a favorable foreground for born global firms. That is to say, born global firms are very likely to make way and expand its business scope beyond the national boundaries, as and when it senses the opportunities knocking its doorway. Hence, born global firms defines regional organization that have set up shop in foreign shape simply by assimilating the idea of acquisition, partnership and creating subsidiaries, etc, in foreign location, however, are headquartered in regional market, or in location where they originated. Thus, the trends in the face of globalization initiates Small and Medium sized corporation to explore such domains that open up new horizon to do business in the international arena to tap the potentialities of international business. What are the Foreign Market Entry Strategies of Focal Firms? Explain in Detail. Foreign market entry strategies of Focal Firms is rather a complex features and step wisely strategies initiated by organizations with the sole purpose to tap the opportunities of internationalization in the most beneficial course. What defines focal firms foreign entry strategy can also be laid emphasis to the notion that going international is no child task and requires an extensive attention to details and understanding the peculiar facet of international business environment. In that context, the development of strategies when it matter to focal firm entry in foreign shores take into account the involvement in greater degree to what defines international management itself and the creation of networks that should assist the firm movement and its entry into foreign shores smoothly. Thus, focal firms bring internationalization right at the outset by establishing a connected links or channel of networks and building relationship with firms in the foreign shores. Thus, strategy in such course is at a nascent stage that does not involve control of production or the likes of direct intervention into the other firm, especially in matter of internal control. And most importantly, relationships that are building up with foreign firm take its course and position themselves from the notional boundaries and all form of exchanges also take shape in that forms and to position itself in different network or the moves towards continuous development processes that should a lso aid and future action to take shape in the most feasible forms. (Ford, 2003, p. 189) In short, strategy of focal firm entry into foreign market can be classified as follows: Entry is indirect, where its course takes shapes initially to build a network channel or a relationship that should get in the way for smooth transition and movements in the future. Strategies most importantly come as a matter for influence and to drive home the idea of foreign market entry in the most feasible means. Creating a relationship channels that can assists in future course of actions. Position themselves in foreign shores and also establishing new contacts and the likes. Thus, these are some of the strategies that covers up, or some aspects that detail the normative standards, when it matter to foreign market entry strategies of Focal Firms in its discourse.

How developed is Brazil? Essay -- Econimics

How developed is Brazil? BRAZIL Economic A Case Study of: - Developments in two contrasting regions of a country (South East / Amazonia / North). - Strategies used by a government to improve the economy (in a developing country). - Exploitation of new resources within a country. - Impact of economic / industrial development on the environment of a region or country. Setting the scene - How developed is Brazil ? Brazil, alongside Mexico is considered one of South America's newly industrialising countries. GRAPH Main exports Metallic ores, coffee, fruit, chemicals, machines, weapons In 1991 Brazil had a debt of $123 billion.This is owed to the USA, the EEC, Japan and the World Bank. It is claimed that Brazil is "the 10th largest economy in the world". However in some urban areas 50% of people live below the "Poverty Line". Recent changes (1970 - 1998): - More people employed in manufacturing industry. - Fewer people employed in farming but between 1982 - 1990 agircultural output increased by 38%. - Over 50% of population employed in Services. - Increase in land used for farming - large estate plantations and ranching. - Rapid growth in "informal sector" jobs - working without official records (partic. in cities) such as street sellers, repairers, decorators etc. - Rapid growth of cities - over 75% of population live in cities. Of these 30 - 50% live below "poverty line". In the 1970's five main pressures created the debts: 1. Oil prices rose(doubled then quadrupled by 1979) so Brazils import bill increased as it tried to fuel growing industry. 2. Oil rich countries had money to lend - Brazil borrowed from t... ...outh est region where all raw materials; iron, coal, limestone are found. Near market - car industry in Sao Paulo (Volkswagen, Fiat, General Motors and Ford all located there, 4 of 2,000 foreign companies in Sao Paulo). Aircraft / defence industry big steel use too. 9. New weapons industry in Sao Paulo / Rio de Janeiroarea (South East region) - major growth 1975 - 1995. Located near major steel works. Defence commitments are important to Brazil (military government in 1960's - 1970's) - drug trafficking & guerilla wars along its borders. Located on new motorway routes - near decision making and industrial centres. 80% of Brazil's weapons are produced here as well as nuclear research near Sao Paulo. Brazil now exports weapons. The RAF makes a Tuscano training aircraft in Belfast, made from parts manufactured in Brazil.